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-
- MIDI
-
- A Basic Introduction
-
- Written by
-
- Kevan R.Craft.
-
- Part 4.
-
- ACTUAL MIDI IMPLEMENTATION AND NOTES
-
-
-
-
- (1) MIDI Implementation Chart
- -------------------------
-
- 1 The Effective Way to Check MIDI "Communication"
- -------------------------------------------------
-
- Although MIDI made it possible for a wide variety of instruments
- to communicate, this does not mean that all instruments will understand the
- entire MIDI language.
-
- For example, connecting a MIDI cable from a synth to a MIDI effect may not
- make the effect behave the way you want. Or using a synth with pitch bend
- connected to an electric piano will not force the piano to change its
- pitch. Simply, connecting a MIDI cable is not enough! For the
- information to be successfully communicated between the two instruments
- they must both understand that piece of information.
-
- So, in a multi-instrument MIDI system, you will need to check what
- information each instrument can send and receive. To quickly check this
- information, each instrument has a Users Manual that will include a "MIDI
- Implementation Chart", showing the kinds of information that can be sent
- and received.
-
-
- 2 How To Read MIDI Implementation Charts
- --------------------------------------
-
- On the left hand side of the chart, various types of MIDI information names
- are listed. The transmit/receive column shows the capability of the
- instrument to transmit or receive that data, using "O" for yes and
- "X" for no. If its capability depends on other factors, the additional
- information will be shown.
-
-
- . Basic Channel .
- -------------
- There are two columns an Basic Channel, "Power On" and "can be set".
- Power On shows which channel is set when you first turn on the power.
- Recently, most instruments can remember a specific MIDI channel. In
- this case, the channel you selected last time you used the instrument will
- be recalled, in which case the chart will say "memory works even after
- the power is turned off" The next column says "can be set". This shows
- how many MIDI channels can be set, usually 1-16.
-
- . Mode .
- ----
- There are 3 columns for Mode, power on, messages, and alternative.
- Power on shows the mode it is in when the power is turned on. The
- message column shows if it is possible for the instrument to receive Mode
- messages, or after having received a mode message it is possible to still
- change modes. The alternative column is only used for instruments that can
- receive messages which will switch the instrument to a special mode, the
- special mode explained in this column.
-
-
- . Note Numbers .
- -------------
- This column shows the note range which the instrument can receive or
- transmit. It can usually only transmit as many note numbers as it has
- keys, while it may receive over a much wider range. Some instruments
- may receive very high or low notes, but this may play a note in a
- different octave as a result, this too is mentioned in this column.
-
-
- . Velocity .
- --------
- There are note on and note off columns for velocity. This column shows
- whether the instrument can transmit or receive these two velocities.
- It does not represent the actual note on/off capabilities, just the speed
- of the respective note on or off. If there is an "X" in either column, it
- does not mean that the instrument cannot recognize a note on or off, merely
- that it does not recognize how fast it was pressed or released. Its best
- to think of velocity as how hard or soft the note is sounded via MIDI -
- similar to that when you hit a key on a piano - HARD or SOFT..
-
-
- . After-Touch .
- -----------
- This shows if the instrument can receive/transmit after-touch information.
- The columns refer to channel after-touch (one value per MIDI
- channel) and polyphonic after-touch ( a separate after-touch), but
- after-touch usually refers to channel after-touch.
-
-
- . Pitch Bend .
- ----------
- Whether or not the instrument can receive or transmit pitch bend
- information.
-
- . Control Change .
- --------------
- This column shows whether or not the instrument can transmit/receive
- controls like modulation, damper pedal, portamento, etc.. These
- controls are particularly important when connecting two different
- synths, or synths and a piano.
-
-
- . Program Change .
- --------------
- Whether or not the instruments can transmit/receive program change
- information, and what numbers it uses. (patches = voices = 0-127)
-
-
- . System Exclusive .
- ----------------
- This column indicates what kind of data can be transmitted/received via
- System Exclusive messages. ( Handshaking mode for voice dumps from
- instrument to instrument or from instrument to computer.)
-
-
- . System Common .
- -------------
- This section is for sequencer based MIDI systems. It indicates if
- the instrument will understand MIDI Song Position Pointer, where the
- instrument can decide from which bar to start playing, and MIDI SONG
- selection, to decide which song to play, etc..
-
-
- . System Real Time .
- ----------------
- Real Time Information refers to the ability of the machine to synchronize
- via MIDI. If it understands "Clock" information then it can play in
- time with other instruments. If it understands "Command" information, it
- will also know when to start and stop. (Drum machines and keyboard
- synth sequencers employ this method of MIDI).
-
-
- . Aux Messages.
- ------------
- This column is used to display whether the instrument is capable of
- receiving information that will help to avoid any MIDI problems.
-
- This area is used for exceptions to the rules. For example, if the
- functions of an instrument change according to specific parameter
- settings, they will be indicated here.
-
- All MIDI Implementation Charts have a standard format, making it
- easy to arrange the charts as shown, and compare the transmit column of
- the master to the receive column of the slave. For instance, if either
- column has an "X" for pitch bend, then it will not be communicated.
-
- NOTE:
- ----
- Some synths can decide whether or not to transmit or receive specific data
- such as program change, or portamento, which can then create some
- interesting effects.
-
-
- (2) To Avoid MIDI Problems
- ----------------------
- MIDI enables you to add expression to your music in many ways. Things
- like aftertouch, synchronization, and pitch bend can substantially
- enhance the performance. However, this requires an exchange of large
- amounts of data, which also increases the possibility of error. Unexpected
- problems can be caused by faulty connections, lack of knowledge, and
- many other factors. In this section some of the common problems are
- discussed, and their solutions explained.
-
-
- 1 MIDI Cable Connections
- ----------------------
- Obviously, if the cables are connected incorrectly the performance
- information can be successfully communicated. Make sure they are
- connected from the MIDI OUT of the master, to the MIDI IN of the slaves (or
- MIDI THRU to MIDI IN).
-
-
- 2 How to Connect MIDI cables, and Switching MIDI Channels
- -------------------------------------------------------
- Whenever you wish to change a connection always turn the power off
- before removing the cable. If you are playing and a cable is removed, you
- may not be able to stop the sound. Some keyboards will not change MIDI
- channels while a note is playing, so you will need to stop playing before
- changing channels.
-
-
- 3 Power On Order
- --------------
- Always turn the master instrument on last! In fact you cannot cause
- damage by turning it on first, but it may make the set-up much easier to
- finish with the master. this is because the master often sends out
- Mode Messages that will make the slaves behave correctly.
-
-
- 4 Pitch bend range and After touch effects
- ----------------------------------------
- Although MIDI can transmit Pitch bender and After touch information, it
- actually only says how much the pitch lever was moved and how hard
- the keys were pressed. It does not say how far the pitch actually
- moved, nor what after touch effect occurred. The range of pitch
- change (bender range), and the effects caused by the after-touch
- occurred. The range of pitch change (bender range), and the effects
- caused by the after-touch need to be set on both instruments, the
- master and the slave.
-
-
- 5 MIDI Drum Machines
- ------------------
- Drum machines can be used in synchronisation with sequencers, or as a
- sound source for a MIDI keyboard, etc.. When a synth is the slave, to
- change the sound you need to send a Program Change Message. However, to
- change the sound of a drum machine you need only play a different note.
- "C" for bass drum, "D" for snare, etc..
-
- Consequently, in a MIDI system using a sequencer, it would be better to set
- the MIDI channel of the drum machine to a channel that is not being used,
- so that it does not receive unexpected note on data.
-
- 6 Local Control
- -------------
- Some synths and equipment have a parameter related to MIDI called
- "Local control". When this control is on (LOCAL ON) the keyboard of the
- instrument can play its own sounds, if LOCAL is OFF, the instrument can
- only send MIDI information out, without playing its own sounds.
-
- LOCAL OFF is convenient when using sequencers which are capable of mixing
- the MIDI IN information with the MIDI OUT information. This function
- is called SOFT THRU. In this case, when you record using LOCAL OFF. And
- SOFT THRU, you can listen to the performance of the sequencer as well as
- your performance of the keyboard. (This refers to those keyboards with
- onboard MIDI sequencers).
-
- In the final part of 'MIDI For Beginners', we've compiled a MIDI
- Reading List/Bibliography as an accompaniment to this series of articles
- which will benefit those Amiga computer musicians interested in
- researching further into the world of MIDI...
-
-
- Kevan R.Craft
- 12 Mount Road
- Halton
- Runcorn
- Cheshire. WA7 2BH.
- England. U.K.
-
- Tel: +44 01928 563762
-
- Email: craftbro@midicraft.demon.co.uk
- WWW Home Page: http://www.midicraft.demon.co.uk/~craftbro
-